U: "unconditional election"
Calvinism: Before the world was created, God unconditionally elected some (the elect) for salvation and the others (reprobates) for damnation.
Arminianism: Before the world was created, God foresaw those who would choose Him of their own free will and elected them to salvation
Lutheranism: Before the world was created, God unconditionally elected some (the elect) for salvation but did not reprobate (chose for damnation) any.
Relevant Bible passages: Romans 9:11; 1 Timothy 2:3-4; 2 Cor. 5:14-15; Mat. 25:34.
Just for the record (since Josiah will not believe any Calvinist on what Calvinists believe) this is not quite what Calvinists believe.
“The Reformed view of election, known as unconditional election, means that God does not foresee an action or condition on our part that induces Him to save us. Rather, election rests on God’s sovereign decision to save whomever He is pleased to save.” - R.C. Sproul
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Romans 9:10-13 NASB]
10 And not only this, but there was Rebekah also, when she had conceived [twins] by one man, our father Isaac; 11 for though [the twins] were not yet born and had not done anything good or bad, so that God's purpose according to [His] choice would stand, not because of works but because of Him who calls, 12 it was said to her, "THE OLDER WILL SERVE THE YOUNGER." 13 Just as it is written, "JACOB I LOVED, BUT ESAU I HATED."
In Romans, the Apostle Paul offers an illustration of God’s “election”. In that time and culture, it was common custom for the firstborn to receive the Patriarchal inheritance and blessing. The significant point here is that God made the choice, God made it before the twins were born, God did not make the decision because of anything they had done ... God made the decision so that the purpose of God might stand. In exactly the same way, our salvation does not rest on us, it rests entirely on the grace and sovereign decision of God.
DO CALVINISTS BELIEVE THAT GOD WILL SAVE PEOPLE WHETHER THEY COME TO FAITH OR NOT?
No. God has decreed certain conditions for salvation, including putting one’s faith in Jesus Christ. The issue here is that God saving people is more a part of the doctrine of justification rather than the doctrine of election. The Calvinist view of ‘Unconditional Election’ is a very narrow focus on a single point concerning one part of the doctrine of election.
“God does not foresee an action or condition on our part that induces him to save us.” - R.C. Sproul
Some people believe that it is on the basis of some future reaction, response, or activity by the saved that God elects to save certain people. This view often looks something like this:
In eternity past, God looked forward in time and saw who would say ‘yes’ and who would say ‘no’ to His offer of the gospel, and on the basis of this prior knowledge of who would some day have faith to believe in Jesus, God elects to save them.
This is called ‘CONDITIONAL ELECTION’, because God distributes his election grace based on some foreseen condition that people meet themselves.
‘UNCONDITIONAL ELECTION’ could also be called ‘Sovereign Election’. Unlike Conditional Election where the decision of God is based on some foreseen quality in the people, Unconditional/Sovereign Election is based on nothing in the people and is 100% based on the choice of God (as illustrated in Romans 9:10-13).
IS IT UNJUST FOR GOD TO SOVEREIGNLY GIVE GRACE TO SOME SINNERS AND WITHHOLD HIS GRACE FROM OTHER SINNERS?
No. Those denied God’s grace do not receive something that they do not deserve. It is not unjust for a sinner to perish for his sins. When a person sins and dies and is judged for their sin and receives punishment for those sins, they have received Justice, not injustice. When God shows grace to a sinner, he has not received justice, but he has received Mercy. So one group receives Justice and the other group receives Mercy, but no one receives injustice.
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Romans 9:14-15 NASB]
14 What shall we say then? There is no injustice with God, is there? May it never be! 15 For He says to Moses, "I WILL HAVE MERCY ON WHOM I HAVE MERCY, AND I WILL HAVE COMPASSION ON WHOM I HAVE COMPASSION."
The Apostle Paul anticipated this question and answered with an emphatic “May it never be” or as another translation puts it “God forbid”. Even as far back as Moses, God had emphatically declared His sovereign right to display clemency when and where God desires. God bestows grace not on those who meet some preconditions, but on those that God is pleased to bestow it.
Some other Scriptures on Unconditional Election:
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Romans 8:28-39 NASB]
28 And we know that God causes all things to work together for good to those who love God, to those who are called according to [His] purpose. 29 For those whom He foreknew, He also predestined [to become] conformed to the image of His Son, so that He would be the firstborn among many brethren; 30 and these whom He predestined, He also called; and these whom He called, He also justified; and these whom He justified, He also glorified.
31 What then shall we say to these things? If God [is] for us, who [is] against us? 32 He who did not spare His own Son, but delivered Him over for us all, how will He not also with Him freely give us all things? 33 Who will bring a charge against God's elect? God is the one who justifies; 34 who is the one who condemns? Christ Jesus is He who died, yes, rather who was raised, who is at the right hand of God, who also intercedes for us. 35 Who will separate us from the love of Christ? Will tribulation, or distress, or persecution, or famine, or nakedness, or peril, or sword? 36 Just as it is written, "FOR YOUR SAKE WE ARE BEING PUT TO DEATH ALL DAY LONG; WE WERE CONSIDERED AS SHEEP TO BE SLAUGHTERED." 37 But in all these things we overwhelmingly conquer through Him who loved us. 38 For I am convinced that neither death, nor life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor things present, nor things to come, nor powers, 39 nor height, nor depth, nor any other created thing, will be able to separate us from the love of God, which is in Christ Jesus our Lord.
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Ephesians 1:3-14 NASB]
3 Blessed [be] the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who has blessed us with every spiritual blessing in the heavenly [places] in Christ, 4 just as He chose us in Him before the foundation of the world, that we would be holy and blameless before Him. In love 5 He predestined us to adoption as sons through Jesus Christ to Himself, according to the kind intention of His will, 6 to the praise of the glory of His grace, which He freely bestowed on us in the Beloved. 7 In Him we have redemption through His blood, the forgiveness of our trespasses, according to the riches of His grace 8 which He lavished on us. In all wisdom and insight 9 He made known to us the mystery of His will, according to His kind intention which He purposed in Him 10 with a view to an administration suitable to the fullness of the times, [that is,] the summing up of all things in Christ, things in the heavens and things on the earth. In Him 11 also we have obtained an inheritance, having been predestined according to His purpose who works all things after the counsel of His will, 12 to the end that we who were the first to hope in Christ would be to the praise of His glory. 13 In Him, you also, after listening to the message of truth, the gospel of your salvation--having also believed, you were sealed in Him with the Holy Spirit of promise, 14 who is given as a pledge of our inheritance, with a view to the redemption of [God's own] possession, to the praise of His glory.
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Ephesians 2:8-9 NASB]
8 For by grace you have been saved through faith; and that not of yourselves, [it is] the gift of God; 9 not as a result of works, so that no one may boast.
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2 Timothy 1:8-11 NASB]
8 Therefore do not be ashamed of the testimony of our Lord or of me His prisoner, but join with [me] in suffering for the gospel according to the power of God, 9 who has saved us and called us with a holy calling, not according to our works, but according to His own purpose and grace which was granted us in Christ Jesus from all eternity, 10 but now has been revealed by the appearing of our Savior Christ Jesus, who abolished death and brought life and immortality to light through the gospel, 11 for which I was appointed a preacher and an apostle and a teacher.