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Common Views of Communion:
Let’s carefully look at the relevant Scriptures here, at what is STATED and what is NOT stated...
Matthew 26:26-29, “While they were still eating, Jesus took
bread, gave thanks and broke it, and gave it to His disciples, saying, ‘Take and eat, this is my
body.’ Then He took the
cup, (wine) gave thanks and offered it to them saying, ‘Drink from it, all of you. This is my
blood of the new covenant which is poured out for many of you
for the forgiveness of sins. I tell, I will not drink of this
fruit of the vine (wine) again until I drink it anew with you in my Father’s kingdom.”
1 Corinthians 11:23-29, “Jesus took
bread, and when He had given thanks, He broke it and said, ‘This is my
body which is for you, do this in remembrance of me. In the same way, He took the
cup saying, ‘This cup is the new covenant in my
blood, do this, as often as you drink it, remembering me.’ For as often as you eat this
bread and drink this
cup, you proclaim the Lord’s death until He comes. Whoever, therefore, eats the
bread or drinks the
cup of the Lord in an unworthy manner is guilty of profaning the
body and
blood of the Lord. Let a man examine himself, and so eat of the
bread and drink of the
cup. For anyone who eats and drinks without discerning the
body, eats and drinks judgment upon himself.”
Real Presence...
Historically, this has been one of the most stressed and treasured teachings of Christianity. As we look at the Scriptures, a literal reading embraces that the meaning of “is” is “is.” Jesus says “This IS my Body… this IS my Blood.” This historic, ancient position holds that Christ is present in the Eucharist, fully, “for real” and this is the essence of the doctrine of Real Presence. It accept this “at His word” and as a
mystery. This position does not
even attempt to get into the science or physics of all this – those who hold to this don’t believe they are being cannibals (an early charge against Christians showing that even nonchristians understood that Christians believed Christ is truly present) and they realize that it doesn’t look or taste like anything other than bread and wine, but they take Jesus at His word –
and leave it at that. The position does not get into the questions of HOW or WHEN or WHY – it just accepts that the word “is” means exists, present, “there.”
But while not specifically a part of our doctrine, it does not
deny that bread and wine are present, too. As we look at the Scriptures, we see that
after the Consecration, we find the realities referred to as bread, wine, body and blood – all FOUR, without any distinction or differentiation, and thus this position just accept that all 4 are “real” and “there.” In a sense, all 4 are the “is.” The focus, however, is
entirely on the Body and Blood (so we speak of it as such), the bread and wine are fairly irrelevant (you can have bread and wine any day!) but it accepts that bread and wine are equally “really there,” too. It is only the bread and wine that our senses perceive, but faith perceives much more! The Eucharist is not
just bread and wine, it is also Jesus! This is Real Presence.
While this position is primarily associated in the West with Lutheranism, it is also accepted by Eastern Orthodox Churches and by many Anglicans and some Methodist.
The Newer Catholic View….
Real Presence was the view from the earliest Christians, and is still the doctrine among Lutheran, Orthodox and many Anglican and some Methodist Christians. Technically, it's still ONE view of The Catholic Church although such has been largely "buried" by a new concept it invented in the Middle Ages called “Transubstantiation.” Technically, the unique Catholic dogma of Transubstantiation (1551) does not replace Real Presence (since, again, Real Presence is simply the literal affirmation that Christ is literally present) but adds to it (although Catholicism has suggested that the Real Presence view is heretical).
The Catholic Dogma of Transubstantiation dogmatically rejects 2 of the 4 realities spoken of in the biblical texts – the bread and the wine. The new Catholic dogma states the bread and wine were
converted into the body and blood (in a very specific sense) and thus the bread and wine
cease to exist in any real way (Catholicism says they exist only as an “Aristotelian Accidents” - from the pagan philosopher Aristotle’s theory of accidents); the Catholic Church now speaks only of the “appearance” of bread and wine “remaining” but insists that the bread and wine are not really “there.” The bread and wine were “transubstantiated” (from the concept of alchemy)
into the Body and Blood of Jesus.
The Newer "Evangelical" View...
Zwingli in the late 16th Century held that what Jesus and Paul stated (see the biblical texts above) is simply not possible. "Jesus is in heaven and so cannot be here." Since what these Scriptures state is not possible ("it cannot be true") thus Zwingli (for the first time in history) held that all this is allegory and symbolism. Rather than noting the word "IS", Zwingli held that it more technically is "symbolizes."
In both modern spins (Catholicisms "Transubstantiation" and Zwingli's "Just symbolism"), the Mystery is being subjected to science concepts, the issue seems to be what “can’t” be instead of what Scripture simply says is.
Real Presence: The meaning of "is" is "is." Christ's Body and Blood are present in some mysterious way. Bread, Wine, Body and Blood are all there. What Scripture states is simply accepted (as is, without explanation). It's mystery/miracle.
Transubstantiation: The meaning of "is" is "converted via a very specific means." Christ's Body and Blood are present but not wine or bread (at least not in a full or usual way). It's an alchemic conversion.
Symbolic: The meaning of "is" is "symbolizes." Nothing happens. Bread and grape juice are there but not Body and Blood . It's Symbolism, metaphor.
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