Reformers' interpretations of the AntiChrist

[hobie]

The Protestant churches today and even some brethren are backing away from identifying the AntiChrist power, and yet the Reformers and even those before them saw clearly who the AntiChrist was. What is happening to the churches today, are they becoming blind and forgetful of the truth they once saw clearly. Here is a list I came across of Pre-Reformation and Reformers Interpretations:

Date Name Reference Interpretation

c. 1310 Dante Alighieri
Rev. 17 Harlot=Roman Church

c. 1331 Michael of Cesena
Rev. 17 Harlot/Antichrist=Roman Church, Pope

c. 1345 Johannes de Rupescissa
Antichrist, Rev. 17 Babylon, Rev. 17 Harlot=Pope/Roman church

c. 1350 Francesco Petrarch
Rev. 17 Harlot=Papal Court

c. 1367 John Milicz
Antichrist, Abomination of Desolation, Man of Sin=Papacy

c. 1379 John Wycliffe
Antichrist, Abomination of Desolation, Little Horn. Man of Sin, Rev. 17 Harlot=Pope/Papacy

c. 1388 Matthias of Janow
Antichrist, Abomination of Desolation, Man of Sin. Rev. 17 Harlot, Rev. 17 Babylon=Hierarchy/Papacy

c. 1390 John Purvey
Antichrist, Rev. 13 666, Rev. 17 Harlot, Rev. 17 Babylon=Pope/Papacy

c. 1393 Walter Brute
Antichrist, Abomination of Desolation, Little Horn, Man of Sin=Papacy/Bishop of Rome/Papacy

c. 1412 John Huss
Antichrist, Abomination of Desolation, Little Horn, Man of Sin, Rev. 17 Harlot
Rev. 17 Babylon=Pope/Papacy

c. 1497 Girolamo Savonarola
Antichrist, Man of Sin, Rev. 17 Harlot, Rev. 17 Babylon=Pope/Papacy

Reformation Era Interpretations:

1522 Martin Luther
Antichrist, Abomination of Desolation, Little Horn, Man of Sin, Rev. 17 Harlot
Rev. 17 Babylon=Papacy

1543 Philipp Melanchthon
Antichrist, Man of Sin, Rev. 17 Babylon=Papacy

1545 Andreas Osiander
Antichrist, Abomination of Desolation, Little Horn, Man of Sin, Rev. 17 Harlot
Rev. 17 Babylon=Papacy

1554 Nicolaus von Amsdorf
Antichrist, Abomination of Desolation, Rev. 17 Harlot
Rev. 17 Babylon=Papacy

1558 Johann Funck
Antichrist, Little Horn, Man of Sin, Rev. 17 Harlot
Rev. 17 Babylon=Papacy

1560 Virgil Solis
Antichrist, Little Horn, Rev. 17 Harlot
Rev. 17 Babylon=Papacy

1570 Georg Nigrinus
Antichrist= Pope

1572 David Chytraeus
Antichrist, Little Horn, Man of Sin= Papacy

1530 Johann Oecolampadius
Antichrist, Little Horn=Papacy

1557 Heinrich Bullinger
Antichrist, Little Horn, Man of Sin, Rev. 17 Harlot
Rev. 17 Babylon=Papacy

1550 William Tyndale
Antichrist, Little Horn, Man of Sin, Rev. 17 Harlot
Rev. 17 Babylon=Papacy

1545 George Joys
Antichrist, Little Horn=Papacy

1554 Nicholas Ridley
Antichrist, Abomination of Desolation, Rev. 17 Harlot. Rev. 17 Babylon
Rev. 17 Beast=Papacy

1553 Hugh Latimer
Antichrist=Papacy

1582 Thomas Cranmer
Antichrist, Little Horn, Man of Sin, Rev. 17 Harlot
Rev. 17 Babylon=Papacy

1550 John Bale
Antichrist, Abomination of Desolation, Little Horn, Man of Sin, Rev. 17 Harlot, Rev. 17 Babylon
Rev. 17 Beast=Papacy

1562 John Jewel
Antichrist, Abomination of Desolation, Little Horn, Man of Sin, Rev. 17 Harlot, Rev. 17 Babylon
Rev. 17 Beast=Papacy

1587 John Foxe
Antichrist, Man of Sin=Bishop of Rome

1563 Anglican Formulas
Antichrist=Papacy

1547 John Knox
Antichrist, Little Horn=Church of Rome/Papacy

1593 John Napier
Antichrist, Man of Sin, Rev. 13 1st Beast, Rev. 17 Harlot, Rev. 17 Babylon
Rev. 17 Beast =Pope/Papacy/Latin Empire

1614 Thomas Brightman
Antichrist, Little Horn, Man of Sin, Rev. 17 Harlot
Rev. 17 Babylon=Pope/Papacy

1618 David Pareus
Antichrist, Man of Sin, Rev. 17 Harlot
Rev. 17 Beast=Pope/Papacy

Sir Isaac Newton
Antichrist, Little Horn, Man of Sin, Rev. 17 Harlot
Rev. 17 Babylon=Papacy

John Wesley
Man of Sin. Rev. 17 Harlot. Rev. 17 Babylon=Papacy also Antichrist

And they ask the question, "In view of the foregoing Reformation interpretations identifying Papacy as the Antichrist and Man of Sin, why do so many Evangelical Protestants today believe the Man of Sin and Antichrist are future individuals?"

How can the churches of the Reformation forget what they once held firm?

 

[Josiah]

Instead of the opinions in the opening post, I agree with Scripture.


1. "Anti-Christ" is mentioned five times in four Scripture.

1 John 2:18, "Children, it is the last hour,and as you have heard that antichrist is coming, so now many antichrists have come."

1 John 2:22, "Who is the liar but he who denies that Jesus is the Christ? This is the antichrist, he who denies that Father and the Son."

1 John 4:3, "and every spirit that does not confess Jesus is not form God. This is the spirit of the antichrist, which you heard was coming and now is in the world already."

2 John 7, "For many deceivers have gone out into the world, those who do not confess the coming of Jesus Christ in the flesh; Such a one is the deceiver and the antichrist."

That's it. That's all.


2. What Scripture tells us about the anti-chirst....

A. In the 90's, there were many antichrists.

B. Such is a liar as such denies that Jesus is the Christ, the Father and the Son.; such denies coming of GOD in the flesh.

C. Such does not confess that Jesus comes from God.


Conclusions:

1. Anti-Christs cannot be any denomination (including the RCC since there were no denominations in 90AD)

2. The Anti-Christ cannot be the "Pope" of the individual, singular RC Denomination since there was no "pope" or Roman Catholic Denomination in 90 AD, and there were "MANY" of them in 90 AD.

3. The Anti-Christ appears to not be an individual homo sapiens or denomination; it appears to be ANY who denies the divinity of Christ, the Trinity, the Gospel. The very term "ANTI-CHRIST"means to be against Christ, against Who He is and the Gospel of Him as the SAVIOR. Consider a preacher/theologian, a denomination that denies the Trinity, the Two Natures of Christ, the Gospel.... there is an "Anti-Christ." While I would reject that applies to the RCC (at least now) I can think of some denominations/cults where it probably does apply.





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[hobie]

Instead of the opinions in the opening post, I agree with Scripture.


1. "Anti-Christ" is mentioned five times in four Scripture.

1 John 2:18, "Children, it is the last hour,and as you have heard that antichrist is coming, so now many antichrists have come."

1 John 2:22, "Who is the liar but he who denies that Jesus is the Christ? This is the antichrist, he who denies that Father and the Son."

1 John 4:3, "and every spirit that does not confess Jesus is not form God. This is the spirit of the antichrist, which you heard was coming and now is in the world already."

2 John 7, "For many deceivers have gone out into the world, those who do not confess the coming of Jesus Christ in the flesh; Such a one is the deceiver and the antichrist."

That's it. That's all.


2. What Scripture tells us about the anti-chirst....

A. In the 90's, there were many antichrists.

B. Such is a liar as such denies that Jesus is the Christ, the Father and the Son.; such denies coming of GOD in the flesh.

C. Such does not confess that Jesus comes from God.


Conclusions:

1. Anti-Christs cannot be any denomination (including the RCC since there were no denominations in 90AD)

2. The Anti-Christ cannot be the "Pope" of the individual, singular RC Denomination since there was no "pope" or Roman Catholic Denomination in 90 AD, and there were "MANY" of them in 90 AD.

3. The Anti-Christ appears to not be an individual homo sapiens or denomination; it appears to be ANY who denies the divinity of Christ, the Trinity, the Gospel. The very term "ANTI-CHRIST"means to be against Christ, against Who He is and the Gospel of Him as the SAVIOR. Consider a preacher/theologian, a denomination that denies the Trinity, the Two Natures of Christ, the Gospel.... there is an "Anti-Christ." While I would reject that applies to the RCC (at least now) I can think of some denominations/cults where it probably does apply.





.

Yes, and when they bring in another intercessory mediator, and put her at the lever or in the place of God, they are essentially doing that.

 

[New Age Outlaw]

The antichrist......

John said to the ppl in his day it was the last hour an that many antichrist were coming. (Many more than one)
1 John 2:18, "Children, it is the last hour,and as you have heard that antichrist is coming, so now many antichrists have come."

So who is the antichrist?
1 John 2:22, "Who is the liar but he who denies that Jesus is the Christ? This is the antichrist, he who denies that Father and the Son."

The antichrist is exactly what it means anti-christ or against christ.

When will the antichrist come?
1 John 4:3, "and every spirit that does not confess Jesus is not form God. This is the spirit of the antichrist, which you heard was coming and now is in the world already."

John said antichrist was already in the world in there day.

John says the antichrist went out from them in there day.
2 John 7, "For many deceivers have gone out into the world, those who do not confess the coming of Jesus Christ in the flesh; Such a one is the deceiver and the antichrist."

The antichrists were the pherisses and saducise the high priest and apostate Jews. The ones who denied the messiah and denied grace and continued in the law.

The antichrist is not one man that is coming in the future controlled by satan. That will set up a NWO. It was apostate Israel in the first century.

So who is the lawlessness on or the prince to come that sets up the abomination of desolation?

Titus Cesar in AD 70.

The Roman ensigns were crafted images or depictions of Zeus, Rome and Caesar. One such ensign was the Imago which was a graven image of Emperor Vespasian. In Josephus’ quote above one can see that the Romans worshipped Rome and the image of the Emperor Vespasian by offering abominable sacrifices to these ensigns in the holy Temple.

Furthermore, during this blasphemous worship, Caesar Titus was declared imperator. And according to Suetonius, many of his subordinates wanted to crown him emperor. At this time it is likely that Titus would have received all the divine accolades and ceremonial worship often directed toward the Emperor Vespasian in the imperial cult. Thus while the ensigns were being worshipped it is likely that Titus would have also similarly been worshipped during this celebration as the worship of Rome and its emperor was customary in the imperial cult at that time in fulfillment of 2 Thessalonians 2:4: “He will oppose and will exalt himself over everything that is called God or is worshiped, so that he sets himself up in God’s temple, proclaiming himself to be God.”

As indicated by Josephus, the Romans offered sacrifices to these ensigns on the eastern gate of the Temple. The fact that these sacrifices were performed on this wing of the Temple is not a coincidence. According to Ezekiel 46:1-12, the prince of Judah was to enter the eastern gate of the Temple to offer sacrifices on the Sabbath and New Moon festivals. This prophetic custom has Messianic undertones. And therefore, while performing these sacrifices, the prince acts as a type of Messiah. The fact that Titus also offered sacrifices on the eastern gate of the Temple is a seemingly intentional expression that he is the new prince of Israel. This is a fitting title for Titus who is the firstborn son of the Roman emperor and the one directly responsible for once again subjugating the province of Israel under Roman authority. Therefore, Titus, the prince of Rome, was quite literally the prince of Israel as well. Interestingly, as added proof that Prince Titus is the intended fulfillment of this prophecy, the New American Standard Bible which prides itself on being a strictly literal translation of the Bible translates v. 26 slightly differently. In this translation, v. 26 reads, “[T]he people of the prince who is to come will destroy the city and the sanctuary.” The regal implications of this ceremony do not end there. During this blasphemous worship, Titus was declared imperator by his army who allegedly even wanted to make him the new emperor of Rome.

As predicted in v. 27, this day marked the end of Temple sacrifice. With the holy place on fire, never again would the Jewish people offer sacrifices to the Lord. Then in fulfillment of v. 26, Caesar ordered that Jerusalem and its temple be destroyed. As a result, the city was left desolate and its temple completely demolished even down to the foundation. The destruction of the Temple fulfilled the last prophetic stipulations of the Law, marking the end of Biblical Judaism while simultaneously giving birth to two new world religions: Rabbinic Judaism and Christianity.

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[Andrew]

The antichrist......

John said to the ppl in his day it was the last hour an that many antichrist were coming. (Many more than one)
1 John 2:18, "Children, it is the last hour,and as you have heard that antichrist is coming, so now many antichrists have come."

So who is the antichrist?
1 John 2:22, "Who is the liar but he who denies that Jesus is the Christ? This is the antichrist, he who denies that Father and the Son."

The antichrist is exactly what it means anti-christ or against christ.

When will the antichrist come?
1 John 4:3, "and every spirit that does not confess Jesus is not form God. This is the spirit of the antichrist, which you heard was coming and now is in the world already."

John said antichrist was already in the world in there day.

John says the antichrist went out from them in there day.
2 John 7, "For many deceivers have gone out into the world, those who do not confess the coming of Jesus Christ in the flesh; Such a one is the deceiver and the antichrist."

The antichrists were the pherisses and saducise the high priest and apostate Jews. The ones who denied the messiah and denied grace and continued in the law.

The antichrist is not one man that is coming in the future controlled by satan. That will set up a NWO. It was apostate Israel in the first century.

So who is the lawlessness on or the prince to come that sets up the abomination of desolation?

Titus Cesar in AD 70.

The Roman ensigns were crafted images or depictions of Zeus, Rome and Caesar. One such ensign was the Imago which was a graven image of Emperor Vespasian. In Josephus’ quote above one can see that the Romans worshipped Rome and the image of the Emperor Vespasian by offering abominable sacrifices to these ensigns in the holy Temple.

Furthermore, during this blasphemous worship, Caesar Titus was declared imperator. And according to Suetonius, many of his subordinates wanted to crown him emperor. At this time it is likely that Titus would have received all the divine accolades and ceremonial worship often directed toward the Emperor Vespasian in the imperial cult. Thus while the ensigns were being worshipped it is likely that Titus would have also similarly been worshipped during this celebration as the worship of Rome and its emperor was customary in the imperial cult at that time in fulfillment of 2 Thessalonians 2:4: “He will oppose and will exalt himself over everything that is called God or is worshiped, so that he sets himself up in God’s temple, proclaiming himself to be God.”

As indicated by Josephus, the Romans offered sacrifices to these ensigns on the eastern gate of the Temple. The fact that these sacrifices were performed on this wing of the Temple is not a coincidence. According to Ezekiel 46:1-12, the prince of Judah was to enter the eastern gate of the Temple to offer sacrifices on the Sabbath and New Moon festivals. This prophetic custom has Messianic undertones. And therefore, while performing these sacrifices, the prince acts as a type of Messiah. The fact that Titus also offered sacrifices on the eastern gate of the Temple is a seemingly intentional expression that he is the new prince of Israel. This is a fitting title for Titus who is the firstborn son of the Roman emperor and the one directly responsible for once again subjugating the province of Israel under Roman authority. Therefore, Titus, the prince of Rome, was quite literally the prince of Israel as well. Interestingly, as added proof that Prince Titus is the intended fulfillment of this prophecy, the New American Standard Bible which prides itself on being a strictly literal translation of the Bible translates v. 26 slightly differently. In this translation, v. 26 reads, “[T]he people of the prince who is to come will destroy the city and the sanctuary.” The regal implications of this ceremony do not end there. During this blasphemous worship, Titus was declared imperator by his army who allegedly even wanted to make him the new emperor of Rome.

As predicted in v. 27, this day marked the end of Temple sacrifice. With the holy place on fire, never again would the Jewish people offer sacrifices to the Lord. Then in fulfillment of v. 26, Caesar ordered that Jerusalem and its temple be destroyed. As a result, the city was left desolate and its temple completely demolished even down to the foundation. The destruction of the Temple fulfilled the last prophetic stipulations of the Law, marking the end of Biblical Judaism while simultaneously giving birth to two new world religions: Rabbinic Judaism and Christianity.

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What about miraculously bringing fire down forth from the heavens? What do you make of the mark of the beast? So many things do not add up.
Also what's this about setting up images in the east wing of the temple? You cite Josephus but I see no quote indicating a temple

 

[New Age Outlaw]

The hail, fire and blood mentioned in this verse were all the result of Roman siege works. Predicting the impending siege and fall of Jerusalem to the Babylonian army in 588 B.C., Ezekiel poetically describes this siege in Ezekiel 13:10-15 in imagery denoting the coming of the Lord on the clouds of heaven as it is described in Psalm 18:7-15. In Ezekiel 13:10-15 the coming Babylonian siege of Jerusalem is described as a storm with violent wind, flooding rain and hailstones—all signs of the coming of the Lord on the clouds of heaven according to Psalm 18:7-15. Ezekiel 13:13-14 predicts the fact that Jerusalem’s walls would fall by violent wind, rain and hailstones:
Therefore, thus says the Lord God, “I will make a violent wind break out in My wrath. There will also be in My anger a flooding rain and hailstones to consume it in wrath. So I will tear down the wall which you plastered over with whitewash and bring it down to the ground, so that its foundation is laid bare; and when it falls, you will be consumed in its midst.
The fall of the wall mentioned in v. 14 was fulfilled in 588 B.C. It was at this time that the Babylonian army by means of a battering ram broke through a wall in Jerusalem before massacring the people within the city.6 Ezekiel 13:13 also mentions “flooding rain.” Floods frequently symbolize invading foreign armies as is clearly indicated in Isaiah 8:7-8; 17:12; Jeremiah 46:7-8; Daniel 9:26; 11:10; 11:40; Joel 2:9 and Nahum 1:8. See In the Bible “Earth” Signifies the Specific Land Addressed While “Sea” Symbolizes Foreign Nations and The Poetic Biblical Link Between “Sea” and “Abyss”.
But what about the hailstones? The hailstones mentioned in Ezekiel 13:13 also appear to be related to the Babylonian siege of Jerusalem. As stated above in 588 B.C., the Babylonians used a battering ram to topple the city wall. This battering ram was defended by siege towers from which soldiers shot arrows and hurled stones at the people defending the city walls.7 The hailstones mentioned in Ezekiel 13:13 appear to be these stones launched at the people of Jerusalem during this siege.8
The hail mentioned in Revelation 8:7 also appears to symbolize stones launched by enemy soldiers into Jerusalem. However, these hailstones of Revelation 8:7 were probably much larger than the stones launched into Jerusalem during its fall in 588 B.C. The hailstones of Revelation 8:7 were boulders launched by Roman catapults. According to Josephus, these boulders were white and thus looked like giant hail stones when they fell to the earth.9


The fire represents flaming arrows and other firebrands launched by Roman archers or siege engines. During a siege, flammable materials were frequently launched into a city in order to burn provisions or start random fires to distract soldiers from defending their walls. During the siege of Jotapata, one of the cities besieged by the Romans during this war, Josephus states that firebrands were launched into the city:

At the same time such engines as were intended for that purpose threw at once lances upon them with a great noise, and stones of the weight of a talent were thrown by the engines that were prepared for that purpose, together with fire, and a vast multitude of arrows, which made the wall so dangerous, that the Jews durst not only not come upon it, but durst not come to those parts within the walls which were reached by the engines [emphasis mine].10

The fact that this “hail and fire [was] mixed with blood” paints a picture of these stones and firebrands hurled by the Romans becoming bloody upon hitting their human targets up on the city walls and then raining down on the occupants of the city below. The blood that fell from the sky, like the hail and fire mentioned above, may have also been launched by Roman siege engines. During a siege, an offending army might launch diseased corpses into the closed quarters of a city in order to induce an epidemic. Perhaps it was this that caused the plague of boils in Revelation 16:2? Heads and other body parts of captured foes might also be catapulted into the city in order to stir up panic or encourage early




Throughout Revelation, the earth represents Israel and the sea, Rome. See In the Bible “Earth” Signifies the Specific Land Addressed While “Sea” Symbolizes Foreign Nations. In v.7, “A third of the earth was burned up, a third of the trees were burned up, and all the green grass was burned up.” These verses are literally fulfilled in Israel, the earth, during the Jewish War as a result of the Roman army’s scorched earth policy:

He [Titus] also at the same time gave his soldiers leave to set the suburbs on fire, and ordered that they should bring timber together, and raise banks against the city. . . . So the trees were now cut down immediately, and the suburbs left naked” [emphasis mine].11

Here one can see how the earth, trees and grass were set on fire in v.7. Further confirmation of how the land was left burned and desolate can again be found in The Wars of the Jews: “Now this country [Jericho] is then so sadly burnt up that nobody care [sic] to come at it…”12 “[N]or did the Romans . . . leave off either by night or by day, burning the places in the plain . . . so that Galilee was all over filled with fire and blood. . . .”13 Did you also notice the reference to fire and blood here like that predicted in v. 7? “He [Vespasian] also set fire, not only to the city [of Gadara] itself, but to all the villas and small cities that were round about it. . . .” Much of the rest of Israel was also left charred and desolate, suffering the same fate as that of Jerusalem, Jericho, Gadara and Galilee mentioned above.


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[New Age Outlaw]

In this commentary on Revelation 13 readers will see that all the prophecies in Revelation 13 were fulfilled in the first century around the time of Israel’s war with Rome in the actions of three Caesars all of whose names are represented by the 666 Gematria. Greek and Hebrew letters also have numerical values. Thus while it is well known that the sum total of the Greek form of Nero Caesar transliterated into Hebrew characters adds up to 666, the same total is also found in Caesar Vespasian and Caesar Titus, two of Nero’s successors. This beast trinity fulfills all the prophecies in Revelation 13. Like the three-in-one God worshipped by Christians, all three emperors were worshipped in the imperial cult as a god. Also while Titus’ father, Vespasian, ruled as emperor of Rome, Titus could, therefore, be seen, like Christ, as the son of god. Three first-century historians; Josephus, Suetonius, and Tacitus; all tell us that, like Jesus Christ, Vespasian also saw himself and was seen by others as the Jewish Messiah.1 Furthermore, the church historian Eusebius says that Vespasian even went so far as to try to kill any other rival Messianic candidates as he sought to eradicate King David’s bloodline.2
The mark of the beast is a spiritual mark placed on those guilty of the sin of 1 Timothy 6:10. This sin was the root of all Israel’s evil and as will be explained at the end of this commentary is the ultimate reason why Jesus, the saints and all other potential Jewish Messiahs were murdered and thus why Israel was punished at the end of the age according to Revelation 6:9-11 and 17. This sin has a very obvious tangible symbol. Thus this mark is both a spiritual and physical mark. The physical aspect of the mark of the beast, the charagma, was the name and likeness of these three Caesars found in deeds of purchase and Roman money. Prior to A.D. 70 Rome was sympathetic to Jewish Law and allowed the Jews of Palestine to mint their own money without the graven image of the emperor on it.3 After the fall of Jerusalem, Caesar Vespasian no longer honored the Jewish Law and forced everyone throughout the empire to use Roman money with the name and image of Caesar. One such coin minted in A.D. 72 abbreviated Vespasian’s name as follows, “IMP CAES VESP AVG P M COS IIII.” Interestingly, the numerical total of these letters transliterated into Hebrew characters adds up to 666! Thus Caesar Vespasian “forced” everyone to receive the mark of beast in order to buy and sell in explicit fulfillment of Revelation 13:17: “It also forced all people, great and small, rich and poor, free and slave, to receive a mark on their right hands or on their foreheads, 17 so that they could not buy or sell unless they had the mark, which is the name of the beast or the number of its name.”


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[New Age Outlaw]

The “image in honor of the beast who was wounded by the sword and yet lived” is the Roman ensign called the Imago or numina legionum. As stated above, the Roman ensigns were military standards. These metal flags symbolized both Rome and its leader and thus contained the Roman eagle as well as a three-dimensional image of the reigning emperor.105 As previously indicated, when Nero committed suicide by stabbing himself with a knife, Rome fell into a civil war that temporarily collapsed the empire. It was not until Vespasian’s ascension when Vespasian, Titus and Domitian were simultaneously crowned Caesar that order was restored. Therefore, the Roman Empire under the rule of the Flavian trinity; Vespasian, Titus and Domitian; are the beast whose wound had been healed.
A three-dimensional metallic image of Vespasian, the beast who was wounded by the sword and yet lived, was fixed to the ensign called the Imago or numina legionum while the ensign called the Aquila represented Rome, the seven-headed beast of Revelation. These ensigns served as idols or objects of worship to the Roman military. In Wars of the Jews, the Romans are said to have acted out their worship of Emperor Vespasian by offering sacrifices to his image, the Imago, along with all the other ensigns IN ( notice in) the Holy Temple in A.D. 70.106 As will be explained below, there was also likely an image or ensign of Caesar Titus that was also worshipped at this time. Not surprisingly, most Jews did not make a similar acclamation and thus were killed or exiled.


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